What does a long article mean? In the live version of the Geriatric Medicine Journal Club held at the University of Toronto, 45 minutes is devoted to the presentation and discussion of the article.
While the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) may be the best-performing bedside delirium assessment tool, it can be challenging to operationalize. Did you know that to perform the CAM correctly, the interviewer must undergo extensive training? Also the operationalization requires performing a structured mental status assessment first! In this article to be discussed, the 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM-Defined Delirium (3D-CAM) claims brevity, but not at the expense of validity or reliability. Will this tool change the way you recognize delirium?
Marcantonio ER, Ngo LH, O'Connor M, Jones RN, Crane PK, Metzger ED, Inouye SK. 3D-CAM: Derivation and Validation of a 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM-Defined Delirium: A Cross-sectional Diagnostic Test Study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Oct 21;161(8):554-61.
The article can be found here: and the abstract is posted below.
Engage in the discussion on Twitter on November 28, 2014 at 08:00 EST / 13:00 GMT and don't forget to use the hashtag #GeriMedJC.
BACKGROUND: Delirium is common, leads to other adverse outcomes, and is costly. However, it often remains unrecognized in most clinical settings. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is the most widely used diagnostic algorithm, and operationalizing its features would be a substantial advance for clinical care.
OBJECTIVE: To derive the 3D-CAM, a new 3-minute diagnostic assessment for CAM-defined delirium, and validate it against a clinical reference standard.
DESIGN: Derivation and validation study.
SETTING: 4 general medicine units in an academic medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: 201 inpatients aged 75 years or older.
MEASUREMENTS: 20 items that best operationalized the 4 CAM diagnostic features were identified to create the 3D-CAM. For prospective validation, 3D-CAM assessments were administered by trained research assistants. Clinicians independently did an extensive assessment, including patient and family interviews and medical record reviews. These data were considered by an expert panel to determine the presence or absence of delirium and dementia (reference standard). The 3D-CAM delirium diagnosis was compared with the reference standard in all patients and subgroups with and without dementia.
RESULTS: The 201 participants in the prospective validation study had a mean age of 84 years, and 28% had dementia. The expert panel identified 21% with delirium, 88% of whom had hypoactive or normal psychomotor features. Median administration time for the 3D-CAM was 3 minutes (interquartile range, 2 to 5 minutes), sensitivity was 95% (95% CI, 84% to 99%), and specificity was 94% (CI, 90% to 97%). The 3D-CAM did well in patients with dementia (sensitivity, 96% [CI, 82% to 100%]; specificity, 86% [CI, 67% to 96%]) and without dementia (sensitivity, 93% [CI, 66% to 100%]; specificity, 96% [CI, 91% to 99%]).
LIMITATION: Limited to single-center, cross-sectional, and medical patients only.
CONCLUSION: The 3D-CAM operationalizes the CAM algorithm using a 3-minute structured assessment with high sensitivity and specificity relative to a reference standard and could be an important tool for improving recognition of delirium.
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